This lecture by historian Andrei Lankov discusses the visual and sculptural forms of the Kim family cult in North Korea, exploring its evolution, strict regulations, and its role as a quasi-religious system. He analyzes various aspects, including portraits, statues, mosaics, obelisks, badges, and rock inscriptions, illustrating how the regime meticulously controls the visual representation and veneration of the Kim family.
Portraits: The display of Kim family portraits is strictly regulated, specifying location, size, and even the wall on which they are hung. The evolution of Kim Il-sung's image from a French suit to a more relaxed, smiling post-mortem portrait ("The Sun's Appearance") is noted. In the 2000s, the number of required portraits in private homes increased from two to three, sometimes including Kim Il-sung's wife. Official portraits of Kim Jong-un only appeared in 2024.
Statues and Monuments: The construction of statues, primarily of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il, began in earnest in the late 1960s. These are often paired after Kim Jong-il's death. The main monument is located in Mansudae, Pyongyang. Kim Jong-il had no public statues until shortly before his death.
Badges: Wearing badges depicting Kim Il-sung became mandatory in the 1970s and, while not strictly enforced today, remains common practice. Different badge types denoted the wearer's rank and status. Counterfeit badges are produced in China.
Obelisks and Rock Inscriptions: Thousands of "Obelisks of Eternal Life" commemorate the Kims. Rock inscriptions, a practice dating back to the 1970s, feature political slogans and texts, reaching impressive scales in some locations. These inscriptions frequently mention the Kims.
Rituals: Various rituals involve Kim family imagery, such as bowing to portraits and expressing gratitude after meals in kindergartens. The importance of preserving the images is illustrated by numerous stories of citizens risking their lives to save them during disasters.
