Andrej Karpathy: Software Is Changing (Again)

About this video

• Video Title: Andrej Karpathy: Software Is Changing (Again)
• Channel: Y Combinator
• Speakers: Andrej Karpathy
• Duration: 00:39:32

Overview

This video discusses the evolution of software, introducing the concepts of Software 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. It explains how Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a new paradigm (Software 3.0), akin to a new operating system, and explores the implications for software development, user interfaces, and the future of computing. The speaker emphasizes the unique characteristics of LLMs, their potential, and the challenges in integrating them into our workflows.

Key takeaways

• Software Evolution: Software has historically progressed through distinct phases: Software 1.0 (traditional code), Software 2.0 (neural networks and their weights), and the emerging Software 3.0 (LLMs programmed through natural language prompts).
• LLMs as a New Computing Paradigm: LLMs are compared to operating systems, utilities, and fabs, representing a fundamental shift in how we interact with and program computers, with prompts in natural language acting as the new code.
• Psychology of LLMs: LLMs exhibit human-like "psychology," possessing vast knowledge but also cognitive deficits like hallucinations and uneven intelligence, requiring careful integration into workflows.
• Partially Autonomous Applications: The future of software lies in partially autonomous applications that leverage LLMs, offering an "autonomy slider" for human-AI collaboration and incorporating application-specific GUIs for better auditing and interaction.
• "Vibe Coding" and Accessibility: LLMs have democratized programming, allowing individuals to "vibe code" using natural language, lowering the barrier to entry for software creation and development.
• Building for Agents: The infrastructure and documentation of software need to adapt to accommodate LLM agents as a new class of user, moving beyond human-centric interfaces.
• Early Stages of LLM Development: The current era of LLMs is likened to the 1960s of computing, signifying immense potential for innovation and the need to build the future of this technology.