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Software and Architecture Type

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Software and Architecture Type

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[Music] I welcome you all to the MOOC course on computer architecture and organization in this particular course we expect to cover various aspects of computer design where we will be seeing how we can make a computer faster how a computer actually works how the information data are stored there and various other aspects the lectures will span over 12 weeks where we will cover the instruction set architecture processor design arithmetic and logic unit design memory unit design input/output system design and then we will also cover parallel processing and pipeline to start with this course I will come to first evolution of computer system so we all know that computer has become a part and parcel of our daily lives we cannot disagree to this fact we see everywhere computers that is some kind of processing unit you see you think about a laptop which we use in our daily use tablets mobile phones which are used by one and all today and intelligent appliances like of course your smartphone is one apart from that you have Smart Watch smart cracker and various other appliances so computer has become a part and parcel of our life so we need to understand how a computer actually works so what is there inside a computer so we in this particular course we will be seeing all these various aspects where the two terms computer architecture and computer organization will be taken care now coming to what is computer architecture and what is completed organization the title of the course so here computer architecture consists of those attributes of the system that are visible to the programmer by this what we mean is how the various components of a computer system are integrated to achieve the desired level of performance in an analog II I can say that you think of an architect who does who plans the entire design of your house but it is ultimately the civil engineers who actually does the exact building like what kind what kind of construction will be taken care of how the construction will be taken care of how much percentage of cement breaks will be there are all taken care by a civil engineer so in that respect the design of components and functional blocks using which computer systems are built comes to the organizational part so I will take a very small example like you have in your computer some functional blocks like your processor unit inside processor unit we will be seeing that we have many other components like your registers your lu and all other units i will just take a small example let's say i will have an adder but that adder what kind of adder i will be having that is to the discretion of the computer organization whether we will have a carry save adder or a carry you can't edit or anything else so these are the two different aspects of computer organization and computer architecture that we will be seeing in this particular course coming to the historical perspective how computers have evolved over the years so whenever there is a need for doing certain things then only something comes up like a constant quest of building automatic computing machines have driven the development of computers so in the initial efforts some mechanical devices like police livers gears they were built during World War two mechanical relays were used to perform some kind of computation like using small relays people design circuits to carry out the operations then comes vacuum tubes where the first electronic computer called ENIAC was developed and from then semiconductor transistors were developed when semiconductor transistors came into picture then the journey of miniaturization started first with small scale integration then people moved with medium scale integration then large scale integration then to very large scale integration and now the error of ultra large scale integration where we stand today so this is the first mechanical calculator that was invented by B Pascal so this particular calculator could add only two numbers it can only add two numbers or it can only subtract two numbers and if you wanted to do multiplication and division it could have been done by repeated addition or repeated subtraction then the Babbage engine came this was the first automatic computing engine designed by father of computer Charles Babbage in the nineteenth century but he could not build that only he designed that later in 2002 that is 153 years after it was designed it was built and it consistently consists of 8,000 parts and it weighted 5 tons and it was 11 feet in length so you can imagine how large it is the first electric collect Roenick computer was built which is called ENIAC electrical numerical integrated and calculator it was developed by University of Pennsylvania and it uses 18,000 vacuum tubes and waited 30 tons and it also occupied a very large space which is 30 feet across 50 feet so what is a vacuum tube vacuum tube is a device that controls electric current between electrodes in an evacuated container in a team so using those vacuum tubes the first computer in was built it also disappeared it a huge amount of heat next was how would mark won this was built at the University of Howard in 1944 with support from IBM and it used mechanical release and of course some electric signals were also used to work with the release to represent the data and it also waited 35 tons and required 500 miles of very so these are the computers which were built in the early stages then comes in 60s and 70s where the popular mainframe computer came into picture so this popular computer IBM system/360 was introduced it introduces many advanced architectural concept that we use today but you can see from the picture that how big it was but some as I said some of the architectural aspects or concepts that were used in that computer appeared in today's microprocessor several decades later and now where we stand we stand where the modern processor chip is that has come in dual core quad core and also in six core variant so you can see that how many core today's computer has and it is a 64-bit processor that comes with various microarchitectures these are the various microarchitectures within this is an i7 but it has also got various other architectures where they are called Haskell Haswell Nehalem Sandy Bridge etc now coming to the generation of computers so broadly we can classify the growth of computer how computer has evolved into some generations so these actually represent some features of operating system and representative machines so between the years 1945 to 54 vacuum tubes and release were used and the representative system uses machine language so if you want to enter some data into the computer for processing you have to enter in machine language or either in assembly language no high-level language were used to enter the data then comes the second generation where transistors memories are you processors are the main technologies here batch processing this is an property of OS that was used and you could enter the data in high-level language then comes the third generation where we were into semiconductor industry where small scale integration and medium scale integration integrated circuits were used and in that IBM 360 Intel 8 zero zero eight where the first one to make the step into this computer market then in the fourth and fifth generation this large-scale integration very large-scale integration came into picture and we could see multi processors now what has happened is like the space has become larger because the components that we use to build those basic blocks has become small so in the same space earlier we could keep small number of components now we could keep more number of components into it and hence this multiprocessors comes into picture and now we are in the era of ultra large-scale integration with many scalable architectures and post CMOS technologies and now we also have massively parallel processes like Pentium Sun ultra workstations Express now you see that evolution of the types of computer so initially mainframes came in the year 60s and late 70 in between 60s and 70s then came mini computers then came workstations and finally we see personal computers and then further we see laptops and smartphones so every smartphone today is having some processing capability that is why we call it smartphone with some smart features into it and we also have now millimeter scale sensors and these are not only sensors that it will send something rather these sensors are having some intelligent capability like some processing capability which can process those data from the collected from the sensors and also it has the communication feature so that it can communicate to others if required so this millimeter scale sensors have both the capabilities of processing as well as communication so we can see how the evolution of types of computer systems have come up and now where we stand in the future we see large scale IOT based systems where these sensors it's a very small sensor will have not only the sensing capability but also the processing capability variable computing also and intelligent objects now you see this evolution of PC form practice over the years this is the first standard ATX where you can see the motherboard slot you can see this is the motherboard you can see the processor you can see the slots for memories for all other components now how that miniaturization has taken place first it was with it was standard ATX then micro ATX then goes mini ITX now nano ITX now we are in pico ITX so it is roughly equivalent to the size of a pen that our form factors evolution of PC form factors over the years how it has evolved so we are in the era of miniaturization and now with miniaturization of course we are able to do some good thing for performance but at the same time power issue is one of the important factor that we we have to also handle which we cannot deny now inside a laptop if you see what all components we have so we have there is a we have shrinked the entire component then miniaturization in feature size of all parts have been done not only that if you have to make if you want to make a system smaller then it has to be smaller for all other components which consists of that particular component so hard drive is now getting replaced by flash based memory devices and because of miniaturization cooling is a major issue that has come now this is the famous Moore's law that refers to an observation made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965 what he noticed is that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since invention and thus law predicts that this trend will continue into the foreseeable fifth picture but now Moore's law stand here where it says that the number of transistor that can be placed in an integrated circuit get doubles in every 18 months and this has hold over a period now you can see this diagram which shows actually this graph actually shows how this how moose this is the number of transistor per chip and this is over the years how it has grown so this shows that the straight line actually indicates that Moore's law holds and starting from four zero zero four we are now in Ivy Bridge Sandy Bridge Ivy Bridge various architectural advancement has taken place and number of transistor that can be put on put in inner chi' has doubled in every 18 months and where we stand today this moore's law shows you a picture and as long as it is a straight line we can say that Moore's law holds now coming to the simplified block diagram of a computer system so in this diagram what you can see is that we have a processor the processor is having control unit an arithmetic logic unit we have a memory memory is divided into primary memory and secondary memory and you have input devices and output devices in this architecture course we will be taking each and every aspect of this design like we will be seeing the processor unit design in the processor unit design there are two parts we will be seeing control unit design and arithmetic logic unit design we will also look into the memory memory is broadly divided into primary memory and secondary memory what we have in primary memory we will be seeing what we have in secondary memory we will be seeing and of course how the inputs are given to the computer and how we get the outputs from the computer that also we will be C so all instructions and data are stored in memory whatever instruction or data that we want to execute that is stored in memory and every time an instruction and data is required it is brought from the memory to the processor for execution and input/output devices are connected to it so if input is required input is taken from an input device processing takes place in the processor and the output is provided in the output device this typical architecture where we store both program and data in the memory alongside we call it von Neumann architecture we will be seeing this in more detail little later now let us see what is there inside a processor a processor is also called a central processing unit it consists open control unit and it consists of an arithmetic logic unit all the calculations that happens inside the CPU so any arithmetic computation so we need to add two numbers we need to divide two numbers or any arithmetic operations that are performed inside an ALU the control unit basically generates the sequence of control signals to carry out all operations so all the operations that are performed it is it the control unit generates those sequence of control signals that is when I say that we will execute an instruction so the computer you have to instruct the computer okay execute this particular instruction so giving the computer some kind of instruction some kind of control signals that yes now you have to execute this now you have to execute that and finally you have to store the result or you have to display this so all these steps that we are instructing to a computer is generated by the control unit so processor fetches an instruction for memory from memory for execution and what is an instruction and instruction actually specify the exact operation that is to be performed so the instruction will tell you okay add a comma B so a B are some operands that performs the required operation what is the operation the operation is and so you have to instruct that yes this is an operation that has to be performed on some operates like it also specifies the data that is to be that are to be operated on and now a program what is a program I have talked about a single instruction that is add a comma B now a program is a set of instruction like I need to add ten numbers so adding ten numbers I have to write a set of some set of some instructions though those set of some instructions are written to perform that particular task what is the task adding ten numbers so that is nothing but a program so a program is a set of instructions that constitute the program now what is the role of Lu Lu or the processor unit we can say it consists of several registers some registers are called general-purpose registers and some are called special purpose registers and some of them are temporary storage so what are these registers registers are some storage unit and these registers are used to store data then again we compute some operation and again store bag that result into it so we store also the data so we store data for computation and after the computation is performed we also store back the data it contains circuitry to carry out the logic operation so basically when we say we are adding two numbers we are subtracting two numbers we are doing some kind of operation some kind of logic operation is performed to carry out that particular operation so it also contains circuitry to carry out arithmetic operations like addition subtraction multiplication division we will be seeing in more detail every aspect of Lu in a separate unit now during execution the data or the operands are brought in and stored in some registered the desired operation is carried out and the result is stored back in some register or memory so what does it mean it means that during an instruction execution what happens my instructions and data are stored in some either in some memory location so we have to bring the data from those memory location into some of the registers perform the operation and then we store back the data into either register or into those memory location finally what is the role of control unit as I said earlier only it acts as the it generates the signals that is necessary to perform the task so it acts as a nerve center that senses the states of various functional units and send control signals to control the states that means let's say you have to carry out an operation or you have to add r2 and r3 and store back in r1 so r2 and r3 r2 register r1 is also an register so what you need to do is that you need to enable the output of r2 and r3 such that the output of r2 and r3 is available in a place where you can do the operation after the operation is performed then it is stored in the result is stored in the register r3 so you have to store the output in a circuit into the of the adder circuit into register r1 now when we see an instruction is fetched from the memory an instruction let us say this is an instruction add a comma B this is an instruction and r1 comma this is also an instruction so this instruction will do what it consists of two parts the first part we call it opcode and next part is the operand of code specifies what operation I will be doing and operant is on which we will be doing the operation so in this particular case the operation that I will be doing is ad and on which I will be operating is r1 and r2 these are the two registers where I will be doing the operation now memory unit there are two types of memory subsystems two main types of course we will see that again primary memory we have other kinds of things are the kinds of memories so primary or main memory stores the active instructions and data for program being executed on the processor and the secondary memory is used as backup and stores all active and inactive programs and data typically the files now the processor can only have a direct access to primary memory as I said the programs and data is stored in your primary memory and whenever it is required the processor arts ask it from your primary memory and not from your secondary memory and in reality the memory system is implemented as a hierarchy of several levels so we have l1 cache as I said your primary memory you will be seeing it as different levels so we have l1 cache we have l2 cache we have l3 cache primary memory and secondary what is the objective of all these things to make the processing faster so we will be seeing all these aspects in course of time but for now you must know that in the memory unit we store instructions and data and for processing of those instructions on data you have to bring those instructions and data to the processor to execute it now we have various different types of memory random access memory read-only memory we have magnetic disk we have flash memories random access memory it is used for cache and primary memory and read and write access times are independent of the location being accessed that means you either access location one or you accessed location the last location or the middle location the access time will be same read only memories are used as a part of primary memory to store some fixed data that is not required to be changed magnetic disk it uses direction of magnetization of tiny magnetic particles on a metallic surface to store the data and the access time vary depending on the location being accessed and these are used in secondary memory now flash memories are coming into market which is replacing this magnetic disk as secondary they are much faster and smaller in size and they do not have any movable part now these are the pictures showing these our first picture shows though me primary memory next one is the ROM this is an hard disk if you open a hard disk it looks like this this one is the SSD and so on coming to the input unit input unit is used to feed data to the computer system the inputs that we receive from the computer so commonly use devices earth keyboards Mouse joystick and camera these are the relevant pictures that are shown and the output unit is used to send the result of some computation to outside world like printer is used to print the data LCD screen or LED screen is used to see the output on the screen you have speakers you have projection system that are also used as an output unit so these are some of the relevant pictures showing the output you

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About this video

Video Title: Software and Architecture Type
Channel: CH 30: IIT KHARAGPUR 02: Computer Science & Others
Speakers: Speaker 0
Duration: 00:30:13

Overview

This video introduces the concepts of computer architecture and organization, tracing the historical evolution of computers from mechanical devices to modern microprocessors. It explains the fundamental components of a computer system, including the processor (control unit and ALU), memory (primary and secondary), and input/output devices. The video also touches upon Moore's Law and the hierarchy of memory systems.

Key takeaways

Computer Architecture vs. Organization: Architecture refers to attributes visible to the programmer (like instruction set), while organization deals with the implementation and functional blocks (like specific adder types).
Historical Evolution: Computers evolved from mechanical calculators (Pascaline) and mechanical engines (Babbage's Engine) through vacuum tubes (ENIAC), transistors, and integrated circuits (SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI), leading to miniaturization and increased processing power.
Generations of Computers: Computers are classified into generations based on core technology (vacuum tubes, transistors, ICs, VLSI) and operating system features (machine language, batch processing, high-level languages, multiprocessors).
Modern Computing: Today's systems feature multi-core processors, advanced microarchitectures, and miniaturized form factors like laptops and smartphones, with a trend towards IOT-based systems and intelligent sensors.
Fundamental Components: A computer system comprises a processor (control unit and ALU), memory (primary and secondary), and input/output devices. Instructions and data are stored in memory and fetched by the processor for execution.
Moore's Law: This observation states that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every 18 months, driving the miniaturization and performance improvements in computer hardware.
Memory Hierarchy: To improve processing speed, memory is organized in a hierarchy (L1 cache, L2 cache, L3 cache, primary memory, secondary memory), with faster, smaller memory closer to the processor.
Processor Components: The processor includes a control unit that generates control signals for operations and an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) that performs calculations and logic operations. Registers are used for temporary data storage during computation.

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